22 Jan What is Melanoma Skin Cancer & Who’s At Risk?

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin, which is the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanoma can occur when these cells undergo malignant transformation, leading to the development of cancerous growths.

Melanoma incidences have been increasing over the past several years. In fact, it is one of the most rapidly increasing types of cancer due to a combination of environmental, behavioral, and demographic factors:

Risk Factors: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, both from the sun and artificial sources like tanning beds, is a major risk factor for melanoma. Other risk factors include fair skin, light-colored eyes, a history of sunburns, a family or personal history of melanoma, and certain genetic factors.

Age and Gender: Melanoma can occur at any age but is more commonly diagnosed in adults. It affects men more frequently than women. In younger individuals, melanoma is one of the more common cancers.

Geographic Variation: The incidence of melanoma varies geographically, with higher rates in regions with high UV exposure. For example, Australia, which has high levels of ultraviolet radiation, has one of the highest rates of melanoma in the world.

While melanoma is one of the less common types of skin cancer, it is considered more dangerous than others because of its potential to spread to other parts of the body.  To that end, early detection and treatment crucial.

Additionally, there are several subtypes of melanoma, which can be classified based on unique characteristics. The main types of melanomas include:

Superficial Spreading Melanoma (SSM): This is the most common type of melanoma. It tends to grow along the surface of the skin before penetrating more deeply.

Nodular Melanoma (NM): Nodular melanoma is often aggressive and can grow more rapidly than other types. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin.

Lentigo Maligna Melanoma (LMM): LMM usually occurs in older individuals and often develops on sun-exposed areas, such as the face and neck. It begins as a slowly enlarging, flat, and discolored lesion.

Acral Lentiginous Melanoma (ALM): ALM is found on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or under the nails. It is more common in people with darker skin tones.

Amelanotic Melanoma: This subtype lacks pigment, making it more difficult to diagnose as it may resemble other skin conditions. It can be pink, red, or flesh-colored.

Desmoplastic Melanoma: This type of melanoma is characterized by dense fibrous tissue within the tumor, and it may be more challenging to diagnose due to its appearance.

Mucosal Melanoma: Mucosal melanoma can develop in mucous membranes, such as those lining the mouth, nose, digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital areas.

While the exact causes of these mutations are not always clear, there are several factors known to increase the risk of developing melanoma:

Excessive Sun Exposure: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is a major risk factor for melanoma. UV radiation can damage the DNA in skin cells, including melanocytes, increasing the likelihood of cancer development. Intense, intermittent sun exposure, such as sunburns, appears to be particularly associated with an elevated risk.

Tanning Beds: The use of indoor tanning beds, which emit artificial UV radiation, is associated with an increased risk of melanoma. Tanning bed use can contribute to DNA damage in skin cells.

Fair Skin and Light Eyes/Hair: People with fair skin, light-colored eyes (blue or green), and light-colored hair have less natural protection against UV radiation. This lack of pigmentation makes them more susceptible to the harmful effects of UV exposure.

Family History: Individuals with a family history of melanoma may have a higher risk, as some genetic factors can contribute to the development of skin cancer.

Personal History of Skin Cancer: If an individual has previously had melanoma or other types of skin cancer, they are at an increased risk of developing melanoma again.

Weakened Immune System: A compromised immune system, either due to medical conditions or medications that suppress the immune response, can increase the risk of melanoma.

Certain Moles or Birthmarks: Atypical moles (dysplastic nevi) or large congenital moles may increase the risk of developing melanoma.

It’s important to note that while these factors contribute to the risk, not everyone with these risk factors will develop melanoma, and melanoma can occur in individuals without these risk factors. Regular skin self-examinations, protection from UV radiation, and early detection through screenings are essential for managing the risk and detecting melanoma in its early, more treatable stages. If you have concerns about your risk or notice changes in your skin, consult with a Board-Certified Dermatologist. If you live in the Houston or Beaumont, Texas area, give us a call.